Abstract: This article aims to review Rui Mauro Marini’s contributions to Latin American critical thought. We present three burning contemporary themes in the Brazilian reality as expressions of dependent capitalism: 1. The pattern of productive specialization and the reprimarization of the Brazilian economy; 2. The transfer of value through public debts;3. The deepening of superexploitation

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva retomar as contribuições de Rui Mauro Marini para o pensamento crítico latino-americano. Apresentamos três temas candentes contemporâneos da realidade brasileira como expressões do capitalismo dependente: 1. O padrão de especialização produtiva e a reprimarização da economia brasileira; 2. A transferência de valor por meio das dívidas públicas;3. O aprofundamento da superexploração.

Abstract Background Pulmonary aspiration is one of the most important complications in anesthesiology. Assessment of gastric content by ultrasound is a good method to quantify gastric volume and to determine the risk of intraoperative pulmonary aspiration. The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of the gastric ultrasonography in the qualitative analysis of gastric content, mainly in the analysis of small amounts of liquid content. Methods Gastric ultrasound was performed to 36 patients before upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI), making two longitudinal scans at the epigastric level, one in supine position and the other in right lateral decubitus position, measuring two diameters and the area of the gastric antrum and assessing the content characteristics determining whether it was an empty stomach or contained fluid or solid content. Subsequently, the ultrasound findings were compared with UGI findings. Results Gastric areas were analyzed by the trace and the lengths of the craniocaudal and anteroposterior axes concluding that there are no significant differences between the two methods. No statistically significant difference was found between UGI and US assessment technics. No statistically significant difference was found between the estimated volume by UGI and US. Conclusions Though our study has some limitations, qualitative analysis of gastric content using ultrasound followed by endoscopy enabled the conclusion that there are no differences in the qualitative assessment regarding these two techniques, supporting the important role of point-of-care gastric ultrasound (POCGUS) in the assessment of pulmonary aspiration risk by the anesthesiologist in the perioperative period.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of completely replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor cake detoxified (DCC) with two alkaline products on the nitrogen balance and hepatic and renal function in goat kids. Goat kids of two breeds, Saanen and Anglo Nubian, with an initial body weight of 16.2 ± 0.67 kg, and confined during the growth phase, were used. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on SM and the other two based on castor cake detoxified with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH. Twenty-four goats kids were distributed in a completely randomized design using a 3 x 2 factorial scheme (diet x breed) with four replicates per combination. The experimental period lasted for 270 days. Consumed nitrogen, fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, retained nitrogen, and nitrogen balance were influenced (p < 0.05) by diets. There was significant effect of diets (p < 0.05) on creatinine, direct bilirubin, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase blood levels, however without any negative changes involving renal or hepatic dysfunction. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats kids in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats kids use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced. NaOH DCC stands in the substitution of soybean meal, because in spite of decreasing the consumption of nitrogen provides the same retention of soybean meal.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, as características produtivas, estruturais e composição química de Megathyrsus maximus (syn. Panicum maximum) cultivares BRS Massai e BRS Tamani submetidas à diferentes períodos de diferimento e momentos de utilização. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, sendo duas cultivares de gramíneas (capim-massai e capim-tamani), dois períodos de diferimento (período chuvoso e transição chuvoso-seco) e três tempos de vedação (40, 80 e 120 dias). Ambas as cultivares tiveram maior taxa de transpiração foliar quando utilizadas aos 40 dias de diferimento (0,63 μmol/m2/s). Observou-se que a cultivar BRS Massai apresentou a maior taxa fotossintética (1,10 μmol/m²/s), taxa de produção e acúmulo de forragem quando utilizada aos 40 dias de diferimento (P<0,05). Por outo lado, houve maior eficiência no uso da água durante o período de transição nos pastos vedados por 80 e 120 dias (64,60 e 62,30 kg de MS/ha/mm, respectivamente). Observou-se redução (P<0,05) dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB) com o aumento no tempo de vedação das pastagens. De modo geral o diferimento no período de transição possibilita a utilização da forragem sem maiores perdas produtivas e nutritivas até os 80 dias de vedação para a cultivar BRS Tamani e até os 40 dias para a BRS Massai.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the physiological parameters, the productive characteristics, structural and chemical composition of Megathyrsus maximus (syn. Panicum maximum) cultivars BRS Massai and BRS Tamani submitted to different periods of deferment and moments of use. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme 2 x 2 x 3, being two grass cultivars (Massai grass and Tamani grass), two deferment periods (rainy season and dry-rainy transition) and three sealing times (40, 80 and 120 days). Both cultivars had higher leaf transpiration rate when used for 40 days of deferment (0.63 μmol/m2/s). It was observed that the cultivar BRS Massai presented higher photosynthetic rate (P<0.05) to 40 days of deferment (1.10 μmol/m2/s), higher rate of production and forage accumulation when used for 40 days. On another side, there was a greater efficiency in the use of water during the period of transition in the pastures sealed for 80 and 120 days (64.60 and 62.30 kg DM/ha/mm, respectively). A reduction (P<0.05) of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) was observed with the increase in pasture sealing time. In general, the deferment in the transition period allows the use of forage without greater productive and nutrient losses up to 80 days of sealing for the cultivar BRS Tamani and up to 40 days for BRS Massai.

ABSTRACT. To evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep confined and fed with substitution levels of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC). We adopted a completely randomized design, with four levels of substitution (0; 33; 67 and 100%) with five replicates (sheep). We estimated the percentages of total times of intake of feed, time of rumination, in ‘other activities’, in idle agreed and in idle sleeping, dividing the day into eight periods (5h00 to 8h00; 8h01 to 11h00; 11h01 to 14h00; 14h01 to 17h00; 17h01 to 20h00; 20h01 to 23h00; 23h01 to 2h00 and 2h01 to 5h00). No interaction was observed between levels of substitution of the SM by DCC and period of the day to go. However, the isolated effect period of the day, there is more time to go from 8h00 to 11h00. The time rumination was not influenced by the levels of substitution of the SM by DCC. As for the variable other activities, the level of 67% DCC was superior to that of 100%. Regarding the variables idle agreed and idle sleeping, were not observed effects of substitution levels of SM by DCC. The DCC provides no changes in the behavior of the sheep, but the period of the day exerts influence on the behavioral pattern of such animals.

RESUMO As Áreas Naturais Protegidas são importantes para a conservação da natureza. Entretanto, algumas críticas ponderam que o estabelecimento e gestão destas podem inibir o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e gerar pobreza. Entretanto, esta estratégia tem apresentado resultados divergentes, pois existem estudos demonstrando consequências positivas ao desenvolvimento humano. A utilização de indicadores de desenvolvimento como o Produto Interno Bruto, o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano, o Índice de Gini e o Índice Mundial de Felicidade pode favorecer a compreensão de como a gestão e os objetivos das Áreas Naturais Protegidas podem influenciar o desenvolvimento humano. Este trabalho objetivou correlacionar a existência das Áreas Naturais Protegidas constantes no Banco de Dados Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas com o Produto Interno Bruto, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano, Índice de Gini e Índice Mundial da Felicidade de cada país envolvido na pesquisa. As correlações foram testadas através do teste não paramétrico de Spearman, utilizando dados de 145 países. A correlação entre o percentual de Áreas Naturais Protegidas e o Produto Interno Bruto foi positiva, mas não significativa. A correlação entre o percentual de Áreas Naturais Protegidas e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano foi positiva e significativa. Já a correlação entre o percentual de Áreas Naturais Protegidas e o Índice de Gini foi negativa, porém, não foi significativa. Quanto à correlação entre o percentual de Áreas Naturais Protegidas e o Índice Mundial da Felicidade, esta também foi negativa, mas não significativa. Estes resultados se devem possivelmente às diferenças conjunturais entre os países envolvidos na pesquisa. Sugere-se que estudos como este sejam realizados por países ou regiões economicamente parecidas para uma melhor compreensão da ligação entre a gestão de áreas protegidas e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico.

ABSTRACT Protected natural areas are important for nature conservation. Nevertheless, some critiques point out that establishing and managing these areas may inhibit socioeconomic development and generate poverty. However, this strategy has presented varying results since some studies show positive effects on human development. The use of development indicators such as the Gross Domestic Product, the Human Development Index, the Gini Index, and the World Happiness Index can favor the understanding of how PNA management and goals may influence human development. This study aimed to correlate the existence of protected natural areas registered in the World Database on Protected Areas with the variables Gross Domestic Product, Human Development Index, Gini Index, and World Happiness Index of each country involved in the research. The correlations were tested for 145 countries through a non-parametric Spearman test. The correlation between the Gross Domestic Product and protected natural area percentage was positive yet nonsignificant. The correlation between the Human Development Index and protected natural area percentage was positive and significant. As for the correlation between the Gini Index and protected natural area percentage, it was negative although non-significant. Regarding the correlation between the World Happiness Index and protected natural area percentage, it was also negative but non-significant These results are possibly due to situational differences among the countries assessed. It is suggested that future studies such as this one be carried out by economically similar countries or regions to better elucidate the links between protected natural areas and socioeconomic development.

Abstract We evaluated the influence of the substitution of soybean meal by detoxified castor cake on performance, digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance, hepatic and renal functions of pregnant goats fed with diets containing detoxified castor cake by alkaline solutions during the stages (first two-thirds and final third) of pregnancy. Three diets were provided: one based on soybean meal and the other two based on castor cake detoxified with whit calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. Goats fed detoxified castor cake sodium hydroxide had lower consumption. Was no effect (P>0.05) of diets or stages on the digestibility of dry matter and nutrients. The goats that received the diets based on soybean meal and detoxified castor cake calcium hydroxide consumed larger amounts of nitrogen. The goats fed with diet the basis of SM had greater weight in the parturition day. The average levels of enzymes for hepatic and renal functions were within normal patterns. Of enzymes related to liver metabolism, only the gamma-glutamyl transferase increased in the final third of pregnancy. The present study demonstrated that detoxified castor by sodium hydroxide reduces the consumption of goats during gestation, but did not affect negatively the renal and hepatic parameters.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, as características produtivas, estruturais e composição química da Urochloa Brizantha cultivares BRS Paiaguás e BRS Piatã submetidos a dois períodos de diferimento e três momentos de utilização. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, sendo duas cultivares de gramíneas (capim-paiaguás e capim- piatã), dois períodos de diferimento (período chuvoso e transição chuvoso-seco) e três tempos de vedação (40, 80 e 120 dias). Observou-se que, dentro do período chuvoso, as gramíneas tiveram maior taxa de transpiração foliar quando utilizadas aos 40 dias de diferimento (1,66 µmol m2/s). Neste mesmo período, a condutância estomática foi detectada somente nas gramíneas utilizadas com menor tempo de vedação, apresentando média de 0,07 µmol m2/s. Em contrapartida, no período de transição, a concentração diminuiu para 0,02 µmol m2/s. De forma geral, a cultivar BRS Paiaguás apresentou menor teor de FDN. O menor tempo de vedação proporcionou maior produção de biomassa de forragem total durante o período da chuva, cerca de 2,78 vezes mais forragem que o mesmo pasto diferido durante o período de transição. De modo geral, ambos os períodos de diferimento e tempos de vedação causam efeitos nas características estruturais da pastagem, sendo que o diferimento no período de transição por um tempo de 40 e 80 dias pode ser uma estratégia para manutenção dos animais em períodos críticos.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the physiological parameters, the productive characteristics, structural and chemical composition of Urochloa Brizantha cultivars BRS and BRS Piatã submitted to two deferment periods and three using times. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme 2 x 2 x 3, being two grass cultivars (Paiaguás grass and Piatã grass), two deferment periods (rainy season and dry-rainy transition) and three sealing times (40, 80 and 120 days). It was observed that, in the rainy season, the grasses had higher leaf transpiration rate when used for 40 days of deferment (1.66 µmol m2/s). During the rainy season, the Stomatal conductance was detected only in the grasses used with shorter seal, with an average of 0.07 µmol m2/s. In contrast, in the period of transition, the concentration decreased to 0.02 µmol m2/s. In a general way, the BRS Paiaguás presented lower content of NDF. The shorter cycle provided greater biomass production of total forage during the period of rain, approximately 2.78 times more than the same pasture grass deferred during the transition period. Generally, the periods of deferment and moments of use cause effects on structural characteristics of pasture, being that the period of deferment of the transition period and used for 40 and 80 days may be a strategy for keeping animals in critical periods.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona detoxificada (TMD), contendo diferentes soluções alcalinas, nos parâmetros nutricionais de cabritas (Capra aegagrus hircus) Saanen e Anglonubiana. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas: uma à base de milho e FS; e duas com TMD por Ca(OH)2 ou NaOH. Os dados de consumo e digestibilidade foram analisados em duas fases, de acordo com as curvas de crescimento das cabritas, que mostraram: crescimento acelerado linear (fase I, de 60 a 298 dias de vida) e redução na intensidade do crescimento corporal (fase II, de 299 a 345 dias). Durante a fase I, as cabritas alimentadas com TMD por NaOH apresentaram menor consumo de matéria seca (MS) e nutrientes. Durante a fase II, houve efeito das dietas sobre a ingestão de nutrientes, com exceção de extrato etéreo (EE), nutrientes digestíveis totais e energia metabolizável. Observou-se efeito da dieta na digestibilidade da MS, da proteína bruta, do EE e da fibra em detergente neutro, principalmente nas cabritas que consumiram as dietas com TMD. Embora menos consumidas, as dietas formuladas com TMD não afetam negativamente o desempenho nutricional das cabritas em ambas as fases de crescimento, uma vez que resultam em maior eficiência alimentar.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor bean cake (DCC), containing different alkaline solutions, on the nutritional parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian female goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) kids. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on corn and SM; and two with DCC with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH. Intake and digestibility data were analyzed in two phases according to the growth curves of the goats, which showed: a linear accelerated growth (phase I, from 60 to 298 days of life) and a reduction in the intensity of body growth (phase II, from 299 to 345 days). During phase I, the goat kids fed DCC with NaOH showed a lower intake of dry matter (DM) and nutrients. During phase II, there was significant effect of diets on the intake of nutrients, with the exception of ether extract (EE), total digestible nutrients, and metabolizable energy (ME). A diet effect was observed on the digestibility of DM, crude protein, EE, and neutral detergent fiber, mainly for goat kids fed diets with DCC. Despite their lower intake, the diets formulated with DCC do not negatively affect the nutritional performance of female goats kids in both growth phases, since they result in a greater feed efficiency.

Resumo Apresentamos o levantamento florístico das espécies de Ebenaceae para o estado do Ceará, como parte do projeto “Projeto Flora do Ceará: conhecer para conservar”. O estudo foi baseado na análise comparativa dos caracteres morfológicos de espécimes depositados nos Herbários ASE, EAC, HCDAL, HUEFS, HUVA, INPA, MAC e UB, de amostras obtidas em campo, bibliografias especializadas e imagens de coleções-tipo. A família é representada no estado pelo gênero Diospyros, com três espécies: D. coccolobifolia, D. inconstans subsp. obovata e D. sericea. As espécies têm distribuição disjunta, restrita ou amplamente distribuídas em território cearense, ocorrendo em vegetação de Savana (Cerrado), Savana Estépica (Caatinga), Floresta Estacional Decidual (Mata Seca), Floresta Estacional Semidecidual das Terras Baixas (Mata de Tabuleiro), Vegetação com Influência Marinha (Restinga) e Floresta Ombrófila Densa (Mata Úmida). As três espécies foram registradas em Unidades de Conservação no estado.

Abstract We present the floristic survey of Ebenaceae occurring in the state of Ceará, as part of the Project “Flora do Ceará: knowing to conserve”. The study was based on the comparative analysis of morphological characters of the specimens from Herbaria ASE, EAC, HCDAL, HUEFS, HUVA, INPA, MAC and UB, from samples obtained during fieldwork, specialized bibliography, and images of collections-types. The family is represented in the state by the genus Diospyros, with three species: D. coccolobifolia, D. inconstans subsp. and D. sericea. The species are disjunct, restricted or widely distributed in Ceará territory’s and occur in Savanna (Cerrado), Stepic Savanna (Caatinga), Seasonal Decidual Forest (Mata Seca), Semi-deciduous Lowland Forest (Mata de Tabuleiro), Vegetation with Marine Influence (Restinga), and Ombrophyllous Dense Forest (Mata úmida). The three species were recorded in Conservation Units in state.

ABSTRACT We aimed to evaluate the lactation curves, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and 43±2.97 kg body weight, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The lactation curves showed greater persistence of lactation in Saanen goats. There were significant effects of diets on the profile of some fatty acids present in the milk. We observed that the NaOH DCC diet led to an increase in desirable fatty acid content. Both Ca(OH)2 and NaOH DCC diets led to decreased milk production during the lactation period; however, the NaOH DCC diet led to high productive efficiency. Furthermore, NaOH DCC did not negatively affect the desirable fatty acid content, unlike Ca(OH)2 DCC. Diets formulated with detoxified castor decrease the production of milk from goats during lactation phase. It should be emphasized that milk produced by goats fed DCC diets does not contain unwanted waste.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and metabolic profile of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and body weights of 43±2.97 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The diets significantly influenced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). We observed a higher dry matter intake (DMI) in goats fed SM, similar to that of goats fed Ca(OH)2 DCC. Intake of nutrients followed the same trend as DMI. There was no significant effect of diets on digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and NDF; however, we observed a significant effect of diets on the levels of nitrogen intake (NI) and urinary nitrogen (UN). The goats fed SM consumed a larger quantity of nitrogen, but all had the same nitrogen balance, indicating that goats fed DCC were more efficient. The diets did not influence renal and hepatic parameters. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats fed DCC present lower feed conversion, and its use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de cana-de-açúcar com ou sem inoculante, em diferentes períodos de fermentação. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3 x 3 (sem inoculante, inoculante 1 e inoculante 2 x três períodos de fermentação, 10; 60 e 90 dias). Analisou-se pH, matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM) e lignina; e degradabilidade in situ da MS, quanto aos parâmetros a, b e c, degradação potencial (A) e degradabilidade efetiva (DE). Houve diferença para o pH, o período de 90 dias apresentou menor média para ambos inoculantes. Houve interação inoculante x período de fermentação (P<0,05) para o teor de MS, com redução na silagem sem aditivo aos 90 dias. Os teores de PB, HEM, FDA e lignina não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A bactéria P. acidipropionici proporcionou menor teor de FDN aos 10 dias e apresentaram maior fração a, degradação potencial e DE. Aos 60 dias não houve variação na fração solúvel, a silagem controle apresentou maior fração b, maior degradação potencial e DE. Aos 90 dias de fermentação, as silagens com L. buchneri apresentaram maior fração a, taxa de degradação e DE e obteve-se maior valor de b na silagem sem inoculante. Os inoculantes são eficientes em manter os teores de MS das silagens durante períodos prolongados de fermentação e manter o valor nutricional do material ensilado.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of sugarcane silage with or without inoculation with P. acidipropionici or L. buchneri, over three fermentation periods. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 x 3 inoculant by fermentation period factorial arrangement (without inoculant, inoculant 1, inoculant 2; x three fermentation periods, 10, 60, 90 days). Values of pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM) and lignin were determined and in situ DM degradability profiles were modelled for parameters a, b and c, potential degradation (A) and effective degradability (ED). The 90 day fermentation yielded a lower pH for both inoculants. There was an interaction between inoculant and fermentation period (P < 0.05) for DM content, with a reduction in silage DM without the additive at 90 days. The CP, HEM, ADF and lignin contents of sugarcane were not influenced by the treatments. The addition of P. acidipropionici provided the lowest NDF content at 10 days and presented a higher fraction a, potential degradation and ED. At 60 days, there was no variation in soluble fraction, the control silage showed a higher fraction b, higher potential degradation and ED. At 90 days of fermentation, L. buchneri silages presented a higher fraction a, degradation rate and DE and a higher b value was obtained in the silage without inoculant. Inoculants are effective in maintaining the silage DM content and nutritional value during prolonged fermentation periods.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics, population density of tillers and stability index of Urochloa brizantha in silvopastoral systems composed of babassu palm trees in the Pre-Amazon region. Four systems consisting of different densities of palm trees (80, 131, and 160 palms ha-1) and a monocrop were evaluated. The rates at which the basal tillers appeared in systems with 131 and 160 palms ha-1 were similar to each other and were slower compared to the monocrop pasture and the system with 80 palms ha-1. Despite the variations, the stability index was always higher than 1.0, which infers a compensatory mechanism between tiller appearance and mortality rate, since monocrop pastures and systems with 80 palms ha-1 have a higher rate of tissue turnover with high rates of tiller appearance and mortality; in contrast, the system with 160 palms ha-1 presents high tiller survival rates. Both the 160 and 131 palms ha-1 systems indicate impaired canopy renewal, as seen in the low appearance rate of basal tillers due to shading. As such, the tillering dynamics of the systems vary according to the density of palm trees, and the smaller tree densities favor the tiller turnover in the first generations evaluated.